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Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has recently delivered a groundbreaking VHF radar system to the Indian Armed Forces, marking a significant advancement in the nation’s air defence capabilities. This new radar, equipped with an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) antenna, is specifically engineered to detect and track low-observable (stealth) aircraft at ranges up to 200 kilometres, providing critical early warning against stealth threats like China’s J-20 or the J-35A, which Pakistan is reportedly planning to acquire.

Stealth technology primarily works by reducing an aircraft’s radar cross-section (RCS) in higher frequency bands like X-band, where most modern air defense radars operate. However, VHF radars use much longer wavelengths (typically 1 to 3 meters), which interact with the aircraft’s structure differently. Due to Rayleigh scattering, where electromagnetic waves scatter more from objects smaller than their wavelength, stealth aircraft features that are effective against shorter wavelengths become less so against VHF frequencies. This means that even stealth jets with reduced RCS can produce a detectable return when hit by VHF radar waves.

The size of stealth aircraft features often resonates with the long wavelengths of VHF radar, leading to increased radar returns. This phenomenon can reveal aspects of the aircraft that are otherwise hidden from higher frequency radars.

he new BEL VHF radar is typically used as an early warning asset. Located strategically, it can scan vast swathes of airspace, providing initial detection of stealth incursions. This early warning allows the Indian Air Force (IAF) sufficient time to mobilize its defense systems or interceptors, countering the stealth advantage.

While VHF radars might not offer the precision for terminal guidance due to their wavelength’s limitations, they are exceptionally useful in cueing other, more precise radar systems like those operating in the L, S, or X bands, which can then take over for tracking and engagement.

The VHF band is less commonly used for radar due to its inherent challenges like larger antenna size and susceptibility to atmospheric noise. However, this rarity means that stealth aircraft are less likely to be equipped with countermeasures effective against VHF frequencies, enhancing the radar’s effectiveness.

This new radar from BEL not only enhances India’s ability to detect stealth aircraft but also changes the strategic landscape. By providing early detection capabilities, it could deter potential aggressions by demonstrating that stealth advantages are mitigated. This is particularly relevant with Pakistan’s interest in acquiring advanced stealth fighters like the J-35A, which would be under much closer surveillance than before.

The integration of this VHF radar into India’s air defense network exemplifies a layered defense approach, combining different radar technologies to achieve comprehensive coverage and counter stealth threats effectively. As stealth technology evolves, this radar system represents a proactive step by the IAF to maintain an edge in regional air superiority.

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